原油的種類與差別

前面看過了石油是什麼和生物成油理論印證，接下來看看原油的種類。

什麼是原油的分類？What Are the Classifications of Crude Oil?

原油的種類繁多，其外觀和特性會根據成分有很大差異。主要依密度和硫含量分類。
Crude oil comes in many types. Its appearance and characteristics vary greatly based on composition. It is mainly classified by density and sulfur content.

1. 依密度分類 Classification by Density

• 輕原油（Light Crude Oil）：密度較低，通常品質較高，流動性好。例如沙烏地阿拉伯的石油多屬此類。
  Light crude oil has low density, usually high quality and good flow. For example, much of Saudi Arabia’s oil is light crude.

• 中原油（Medium Crude Oil）：密度介於輕原油和重原油之間。
  Medium crude oil has density between light and heavy crude.

• 重原油（Heavy Crude Oil）：密度較高，流動性差。例如委內瑞拉的超重油，開採成本高。加拿大亞伯達省的油砂含瀝青，需加熱或稀釋才可流動。
  Heavy crude oil has high density and poor flow. For example, Venezuela’s extra-heavy oil requires costly extraction. Canada’s oil sands contain crude bitumen that must be heated or diluted to flow.

這些重原油和油砂被稱為「非常規石油」，儲量大於常規石油。
These heavy oils and oil sands are called unconventional oil, with reserves larger than conventional oil.

2. 依硫含量分類 Classification by Sulfur Content

• 甜原油（Sweet Crude Oil）：硫含量低，品質較高，提煉成本低。
  Sweet crude oil has low sulfur content, higher quality, and lower refining costs.

• 酸原油（Sour Crude Oil）：硫含量高，需額外脫硫處理。
  Sour crude oil has high sulfur content and requires extra desulfurization.

3. 依油母質類型分類 Classification by Type of Kerogen

• 第一型油母質（Type I: Algal/Sapropelic）：氫碳比高，氧碳比低。主要來自淡水或海洋藻類，能產生最多液態碳氫化合物。
  Type I kerogen has high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio and low oxygen-to-carbon ratio. It mainly comes from freshwater or marine algae and produces the most liquid hydrocarbons.

• 第二型油母質（Type II: Planktonic）：氫碳比和氧碳比中等，來自還原性沉積海洋浮游生物，硫含量較高，是良好石油源岩。
  Type II kerogen has moderate hydrogen-to-carbon and oxygen-to-carbon ratios, from marine plankton in reducing environments, with higher sulfur content. It is a good oil source rock.

• 第三型油母質（Type III: Humic）：氫碳比低，氧碳比中等，來自陸生植物，熱裂解主要產生氣態碳氫化合物（天然氣）。
  Type III kerogen has low hydrogen-to-carbon and moderate oxygen-to-carbon ratios, from terrestrial plants, mainly producing gaseous hydrocarbons (natural gas) upon thermal cracking.

• 第四型油母質（Type IV: Inert/Residual）：惰性有機質，幾乎不產生碳氫化合物。
  Type IV kerogen is inert organic matter with almost no hydrocarbon generation potential.

4. 國際參考原油指標 International Benchmark Crude Oils

• 西德州中級原油（WTI: West Texas Intermediate）：北美標準原油，品質高、低硫、輕質。
  WTI is the North American standard crude oil, known for its high quality, low sulfur, and light density.

• 布蘭特原油（Brent Blend）：北海油田出產，是歐、非、中東原油的主要價格指標。
  Brent Blend is produced from the North Sea and serves as a key price benchmark for Europe, Africa, and Middle East oil going to the West.

• 杜拜/阿曼原油（Dubai-Oman）：亞洲太平洋中東酸原油價格指標。
  Dubai-Oman is a price benchmark for Middle Eastern sour crude oil in the Asia-Pacific region.

• OPEC參考籃價格（OPEC Reference Basket）：石油輸出國組織多種原油加權平均價格。
  The OPEC Reference Basket is a weighted average price of several crude oils from OPEC member countries.

總結 Summary

原油的種類與特性因地質來源、成分與熱壓條件不同而異。這些差異影響品質、提煉方式及國際價格和應用價值。
The types and characteristics of crude oil vary due to geological sources, composition, and thermal conditions. These differences affect quality, refining methods, international prices, and applications.

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